Spanish is a romance language like French, Italian, Catalan, Portuguese, Romanian, Galician, etc… all these languages have a common ancestor: Latin. Fortunately, Spanish is not as difficult as Latin, for example, there are NO DECLENSIONS as in German or as in all Slavic languages (though we still have some remnants of it).
¡! Declensions? What do you mean? To decline is to change the aspect of a noun or adjective depending on the role it plays in the sentence. In Spanish only verbs and pronouns are highly inflected. Nouns and adjectives are only declined according to their gender and number but not according to their function. This is not enough to deem Spanish as a language with declensions. We have replaced declensions with prepositions.
House (English) = Casa (Spanish) = Talo (Finnish)
In a house (English) = En una casa (Spanish) = Talossa (Finnish)
From a house (English) = Desde una casa (Spanish) = Talosta (Finnish)
To a house (English) = A/Hacia una casa (Spanish) = Talolle (Finnish)
Without a house (English) = Sin una casa (Spanish) = Talotta (Finnish)
WORD ORDER
Spanish is a SVO language, in other words, sentences in Spanish tend to begin with a subject followed by a verb and finally, an object (or complement).
Yo como carne
I eat meat
subject verb object
SVO languages are very common: Spanish, French, Italian, English, Catalan, Portuguese, Swedish, etc...
But we can also build other kind of sentences because Spanish is rather flexible, therefore we can put words together as follows:
Yo carne no como.
Carne comí yo ayer.
¿Come carne usted?
¿No come ella carne?
Hasta dos veces al día tiene razón un reloj parado.
In spanish, this is called hipérbaton and is a figure of speech.
Sentences can be even weirder because we always try to avoid personal pronouns, so you can delete the blue words (personal pronouns) from the previous sentences and they will still be grammatically correct.
It's very important to bear that in mind because subject elision in Spanish is omnipresent. Moreover, sometimes you can figure out who's not native by just paying attention to the way he or she uses the personal pronouns.
Typical sentences uttered by foreigners:
¿Tú gustas chocolate? (correction: ¿(A tí) te gusta el chocolate?)
¿Tú trabajas? (more frequently used: ¿trabajas?)
Yo voy al aeropuerto (more frequently used: voy al aeropuerto)
etc...
Personal pronouns are more frequently used when you want to treat someone politely or when you want to change the addressee in a conversation.
A- ¿A dónde queréis ir?
B- Yo quiero ir a Roma.
C- Y yo, a Florencia. ¿Y tú?
A- A Nápoles pero a Florencia también.
Also, we elide verbs in certain sentences, when the verb has already been said and is understood you are using it again.
Yo como carne y ella come pescado. ---------> Yo como carne ; ella, pescado
Finally, we can avoid using objects as well but only when the object itself is understood.
A- ¿Comes carne?
B- No, no me gusta (la carne)
In English you might say I don't like it but please, never translate it as ello in Spanish. ELLO (it) is hardly ever used. We prefer to use demonstrative pronouns instead.
GENDERS AND NUMBERS
In Spanish every words is either masculine or feminine. There are some neuter words, but not many, so we can say that Spanish has two genders. English speakers may find it a bit difficult because they have almost no genders in their language but, don't worry, many languages have genders and most of them have at least three (feminine, masculine, neuter) and others have even more , for example Polish which has five grammatical genders.
Besides, it's easy to discern which words are feminine or masculine in Spanish. Most masculine words end in -o or consonant and most feminine words end in -a. As there are few words that end in -i or -u in Spanish, you only have to memorize the gender of not many words.
Irregularities:
La radio (feminine) ¡! El radio (masculine) means The radius.
El día (masculine) means The day
El problema (masculine) means The problem
El mapa (masculine) means The map
La mano (feminine) means The hand
etc...
Some other rules:
- Many words ending in -e are feminine (la torre, la clase, la calle, la tarde, la gente, etc...) but not all of them (el sable, el cable, el diente, el coche, el personaje, etc...)
- Words ending in -dad, -tad, -ed, -tis, -ción, -zón, -sión, -dez, -iz are feminine (la artritis, la libertad, la red, la pared, la verdad, la mitad, la pasión, la razón, la estupidez, la sensación, la sed, la canción...) but there are also exceptions (el corazón, el desliz, el matiz, el camión, etc...)
- Some words can change their gender depending on the person implied (el pianista, el cantante, el profesor, el ladrón, el rey, el actor if you are talking of a man / la pianista, la cantante, la profesora, la ladrona, la reina, la actriz if you are talking of a woman). In this particular case, some words are irregular (el actor/la actriz, el rey/ la reina, el modelo/la modelo, el policía/la policía, el tenista/la tenista, etc...)
More information:
http://eljuego.free.fr/Fichas_gramatica/FG_genero.htm#111
As for grammatical numbers, Spanish distinguish only between singular and plural (as in English, French, Italian, Portuguese, Catalan, etc...). If you want to make a word plural, add -es / -s at its end.
Rata -----> Ratas
Ratón ----> Ratones
Libro ----> Libros
Corazón ----> Corazones
Coche -----> Coches
Flor -----> Flores
Hindú -----> Hindúes
Ley -----> Leyes
Examen ----> Exámenes ( xa keeps its stress and as it becomes the antepenultimate syllable, its stress is then marked)
Francés ----> Franceses
Pez -----> Peces (note that z becomes c)
It's very easy. If you want to pluralize a word that end in a consonant or in a stressed vowel, just add -es; Otherwise, add -s.
But, obviously, yes, there are exceptions:
Virus ----> Virus
Café ----> Cafés
Menú ----> Menús (menúes can also be correct but is rarely used)
Sofá -----> Sofás
Papá / Mamá ----> Papás/ Mamás
Camping ----> Campings (just an -s, as in many foreign words)
etc...
Verbs, pronouns and determiners agree in gender and number. So, for example, if I'm talking of a house, I'll say una casa ; but if what I'm talking about is of some houses, then I'll say unas casas. This agreement is the reason why you must always pay attention to the grammatical gender and number of the nouns you use.
Niño pequeño -----> Niños pequeños
Niña pequeña -----> Niñas pequeñas
Note: This video is wonderful. Native pronunciation, good explanations and very easy to understand.
More information:
http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formaci%C3%B3n_del_plural_en_espa%C3%B1ol
ARTICLES
Spanish has definite and indefinite articles, as in English, French, Italian, Portuguese, German, Catalan... but not many others. Languages outside the Indoeuropean branch with definite and indefinite articles are scarcely found.
Definite articles indicate that its noun is a particular one (or ones) identifiable to the listener. It may be the same thing that the speaker has already mentioned, or it may be something uniquely specified; whereas, indefinite articles indicate that its noun is not a particular one (or ones) identifiable to the listener. It may be something that the speaker is mentioning for the first time, or its precise identity may be irrelevant or hypothetical, or the speaker may be making a general statement about any such thing. Thanks Wikipedia.
Spanish indefinite articles:
Singular Plural
Masculine UN UNOS
Feminine UNA UNAS
E.g. Un perro (a male dog), una perra (a dog) , unos perros (some male dogs), unas perras (some female dogs).
Spanish definite articles:
Singular Plural
Masculine EL LOS
Feminine LA LAS
E.g. El perro (the male dog), la perra (the female dog), los perros (the male dogs), las perras (the female dogs).
Spanish has many kind of determiners, but we'll see them later. These ones , the articles, are the most important.
Note: I don't like the pronunciation in that video. The boy at the end of it mispronounces the word estudiante and he says estudiente instead.
Note: Native pronunciation but only definite articles :( (and yes, the girl doesn't pronounce the s completely, I'll explain you that later. But please, you are a snake ,ok? you love pronouncing the s's accurately).
More information:
http://www.spanish-kit.net/grammar/034.html
ADJECTIVES
Adjectives are words that modify nouns by giving them qualities. In Spanish, adjectives can be placed either after a noun or before it. Normally, we place them after a noun but placing them before one is equally correct but slightly differente, it's a bit more poetic.
El perro rojo
El rojo perro
In fact, the latter sounds a bit weird to me. It's not easy to be poetic, so try to place adjectives always AFTER the noun. But sometimes, we do use them before one, you'll learn when to use adjectives that way over time.
VERBS
In my opinion, verbs are the nucleus of language (I suppose). It's critical to learn them well especially verbs like ser or estar (and we'll see them very very soon). Verbs are the difficult part of Spanish:
- We conjugate them depending on gender, number, tense, aspect, mood and voice .
- We have many irregular verbs (many more than English).
- We also have many tenses and moods like the subjunctive mood that is way more present in Spanish than in most other languages.
- Did I say that we tend to omit personal pronouns? Yes, I did. So, now you know that you can't hang always on them.
¡! Good news!!!, we have no phrasal verbs though verbs are usually linked with a particular preposition. For instance, you can´t say soñar en alguien but soñar CON alguien. But these are not phrasal verbs. In English you put out a fire, in Spanish we don't ponemos afuera un incendio but extinguimos un incendio. In English you get by, in Spanish we don't cogemos por but nos las arreglamos (and there are no prepositions).
I want you to learn just one thing now: Infinitive. Infinitive words end always in -ar, -er, -ir. For example:
Hablar (to speak)
Comer (to eat)
Beber (to drink)
Ir (to go)
Soñar (to dream)
Ser (to be)
Estar (to be)
Verbs conjugation depend on these infinitive endings, so they're extremely important. And no, there are no exceptions, ALL verbs in their infinitive form end in -ar (first infinitive ending), -er (second infinitive ending), -ir (third infinitive ending).
QUESTIONS
Just change the intonation and mark them with two interrogation marks: ¿ (to open questions) and ? (to close them).
Ella come carne -------> ¿Ella come carne?
BUT there's something more I want you to learn today. That example above is grammatically but we tend to change the word orden when we ask something. As in English, we tend to use an VSO order.
¿Come ella carne? (but, you know, even frequently is ¿Come carne? when you think the listener already knows who you are talking of).
More examples:
¿Es tuyo el boli?
¿Vendrá ella a casa?
¿Irá el perro también?
PREPOSITIONS
Spanish prepositions are: a, ante, bajo, cabe, con, contra, de, desde, en, entre, hacia, hasta, para, por, según, sin, sobre, tras.
A little too hasty? Ok, we'll see them later. But, as you can see, there aren't many and they're also easy to learn.
ADVERBS, CONJUNCTIONS, INTERJECTIONS
- Adverbs modify verbs. In Spanish, many adverbs end in -mente. If you find a word with that ending then that's an adverb, for sure. Well, except the word mente (mind).
- The most important conjunctions are y/e, o/u, pero, aunque, ni...ni, o...o, and a few more. Y means and.
María y Pablo
Pablo y María
María, Isabel y Pablo
María, Pablo E Isabel
If the word just after y begins in i or hi, change y for e. If the word begins in hie or y, use y anyway.
Miedo e histeria
Se necesita fuerza e inteligencia
Ya tengo la Coca-Cola. Dame ron y hielo.
Tengo una mansión, varios coches y yates.
In like manner, change the conjunction o (or) for u (or) the following word begins in o or ho
O francesa u holandesa, pero María no puede ser las dos cosas.
- Interjections in Spanish and in English are used similarly: ¡Ey! ¡Ah! ¡Oh! ¡Jajaja! Glup, ¡Piiiiiii!.... Yes, they follow few rules.
In brief:
¡Hasta la próxima!
No hay comentarios:
Publicar un comentario